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The possibility of breeding white-grained wheats tolerant to pre-harvest sprouting under Japanese humid weather conditions is discussed. New genetic dormancy sources, such as, AUS1408, 8019R1 and RyuuMai7, were evaluated for seed dormancy in different weather conditions. Some white-grained dormant wheats showed a strong dormancy similar to that of red-grained dormant wheats in a greenhouse trial,...
A study was made of the effects of desiccation and a change in temperature on the germination of wheat grains harvested 20 days after anthesis. When the germination test was performed immediately after harvesting, germination percentages ranged from 5.2% to 10.7%. Germination percentages increased to 48.2% to 90.3% after grain had been desiccated at 20 °C and then hydrated at 10 °C. This increase...
Treatment of plants with abscisic acid (ABA) can enhance resistance to environmental stresses in general and to preharvest sprouting in particular. Inhibitors of gibberellin (GA) synthesis have been reported to enhance the metabolic activity or effectiveness of ABA. Wheat seeds(Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bet Hashita) were soaked for 2 h in100 μm ABA, in 1250 ppm trinexapac-ethyl (TE, anacylcyclohexanedione-based...
The aleurone layer of cereals is a secretory tissue whose activity is regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs). Whereas GA triggers enzyme synthesis and secretion and initiates a program that culminates in cell death, ABA prevents enzyme production and cell death. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key players in regulating cell viability and GA sensitizes the aleurone cell to ROS. Sensitivity...
Pre-harvest sprouting of wheat grain can cause economic losses especially in cultivars with low levels of seed dormancy. The aim of this study was to determine genotype differences in embryo sensitivity to germination in response to exogenous (+/–) cis-trans ABA treatments at different concentrations. Six white and four red seed-colored bread wheat genotypes that differed in dormancy were grown in...
High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of five phenolic acids in embryos of triticale caryopses (vanillic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic). Free phenolic acids reached the highest level at the early stages of development when germination was the lowest and decreased considerably in embryos at the final stage of grain maturation when germination was the highest...
Most genes in hexaploid bread wheat are triplicated. Knowledge of the relationships between the three genomes then allows us to build consensus maps of loci controlling any trait. In this paper we show such a map of some of the major genes and QTL effects that have been reported to be associated with pre-harvest sprouting. The result highlights regions of the genome that have featured in several studies...
Dormancy of wheat grains, the property conferring sprouting resistance, is affected by environmental conditions experienced during grain development. We investigated the hypothesis that short dormancy duration in U.K. wheat grain (thus a high risk of post-maturity sprouting) is related to weather conditions, i.e. high temperatures during grain development. Four wheat varieties were grown at four sites...
Preharvest sprouting limits the consistent production of high quality wheat in many regions of the world. Improvements in tolerance from the introduction of better grain dormancy at, or near, harvest-ripeness would be expected to have a significant impact on the incidence and severity of sprouting. Genetic and molecular investigations have provided new evidence for the presence of dormancy genes on...
The diploid D-genome progenitor of hexaploid wheat, Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmahl., was screened to identify mechanisms for resistance to pre-harvest sprouting. A number of promising mechanisms were identified, and transferred to hexaploid wheat via wide-hybridisation. One identified mechanism, an inhibitory phenolic compound present in the bracts surrounding the grain, has been shown to function...
The synthesis of high levels of germination-type (high pI isozymes) α-amylase was induced in wheat genotypes prone to late maturityα-amylase (LMA) following the exposure of detached tillers to cool temperature during grain development. The detached tiller method was successfully applied to a range of genotypes and to a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from the cross Cranbrook (LMA genotype)...
A series of experiments to investigate the genetic basis of pre-harvest sprouting are reported. The results are combined with previously published studies in a composite genetic map for sprout resistance in hexaploid wheat. Different studies, using classical genetics, aneuploids, chromosome substitutions, or QTL mapping, have identified various regions of the A, B, and D genomes affecting dormancy...
The use of model genetic systems in plant and animal studies has allowed a greatly increased understanding of how genomes regulate phenotype. Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) has proved to be an extremely useful model for plant molecular genetic studies and there are now many examples of important agricultural genes that have been identified using this species as a model. The discovery and investigation...
Wheat of two strong high-protein and two weak low-protein cultivars from New Zealand and Australia were milled to commercial specifications. All millstreams were tested for α-amylase, β-amylase, falling number, protein, starch, damaged starch, amylose, amylopectin, pentosan and ash. The distribution of β-amylase in millstream flours was more variable among cultivars than α-amylase. Generally, both...
Because preharvest sprouting decreases quantity and quality of wheat grain, researchers need effective protocols to assess response to preharvest sprouting conditions. The aim of this study was to determine which temperature gives the greatest difference in seed germination and expression of seed dormancy in 10 spring wheat genotypes. The genotypes were grown in the field near Swift Current, Saskatchewan...
Variation in falling number, amylase activities, protein concentration and composition were investigated in two wheat cultivars grown in Sweden over two seasons, in four locations, with four N fertilizer rates, with and without fungicide treatment. The results showed that; Tarso had higher falling number, amylase activities, protein concentration and amount of most protein components compared to...
Preharvest sprouting (PHS) can be a serious problem in western Canada resulting in economically important yield and grade losses for wheat producers. Improved PHS resistance is an important breeding objective and wheat breeders require effective and reliable methods to select for PHS resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether differences exist between field and artificial weathering...
Most modern white-grained wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in China lack sprouting resistance. Some white grain varieties showed lower preharvest sprouting percentage in different years. Tolerance to sprouting in most cultivars comes from the varieties, Wanxian White, Fulingxuxu White, Suiningtuotuo, and Yongchuan White. The α-amylase inhibitor gene under a wheat genetic background inhibited...
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